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debunking-desistance [2025/12/29 02:07] – valahdebunking-desistance [2025/12/29 15:50] (current) – [What Modern Research Actually Shows] valah
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 ==== The Transmisic Narrative ==== ==== The Transmisic Narrative ====
  
-**Claim 1:** "Studies show that 60-90% of transgender children 'desist'—stop identifying as transgender." [[#ref1|[1]]]+**Claim 1:** "Studies show that 60-90% of transgender children 'desist'—stop identifying as transgender." [(des1)]
  
-**Claim 2:** "Most kids who think they're trans are actually just gender-nonconforming or going through a phase." [[#ref2|[2]]]+**Claim 2:** "Most kids who think they're trans are actually just gender-nonconforming or going through a phase." [(des2)]
  
-**Claim 3:** "The high desistance rates prove that we shouldn't affirm young people's gender identities." [[#ref3|[3]]]+**Claim 3:** "The high desistance rates prove that we shouldn't affirm young people's gender identities." [(des3)]
  
 Any claim suggesting: Any claim suggesting:
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 All of these claims rely on the same misapplication of outdated research, conflation of different populations, and misreading of study findings. We'll break down how this narrative distorts the actual evidence. All of these claims rely on the same misapplication of outdated research, conflation of different populations, and misreading of study findings. We'll break down how this narrative distorts the actual evidence.
  
----+
  
 ==== What "Desistance" Studies Actually Measured ==== ==== What "Desistance" Studies Actually Measured ====
  
-**The critical problem:** The studies cited to support "high desistance rates" did not study transgender children or measure persistence of gender dysphoria. They studied something fundamentally different. [[#ref4|[4]]]+**The critical problem:** The studies cited to support "high desistance rates" did not study transgender children or measure persistence of gender dysphoria. They studied something fundamentally different. [(des4)]
  
-**What the early studies actually examined:** [[#ref5|[5]]] Earlier research recruited children who showed "gender-variant behavior"—not necessarily children with persistent gender dysphoria. [[#ref6|[6]]] These studies classified gender identities using initial visit data, which displayed signs of gender identification and preferences, along with parent-reported cross-gender preferences.+**What the early studies actually examined:** Earlier research recruited children who showed "gender-variant behavior"—not necessarily children with persistent gender dysphoria. [(des5)] These studies classified gender identities using initial visit data, which displayed signs of gender identification and preferences, along with parent-reported cross-gender preferences. [(des6)]
  
 **The distinction matters enormously:** **The distinction matters enormously:**
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   * **Gender identity** = one's internal sense of gender   * **Gender identity** = one's internal sense of gender
  
-These are **not the same thing.** [[#ref7|[7]]]+These are **not the same thing.** [(des7)] 
  
---- 
  
 ===== Myth 1: "Studies Show 60-90% of Trans Kids Desist" ===== ===== Myth 1: "Studies Show 60-90% of Trans Kids Desist" =====
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 **The actual finding from desistance studies:** **The actual finding from desistance studies:**
  
-**Most children in these studies were NOT persistently dysphoric in the first place.** [[#ref8|[8]]] By retrospective reports, fewer than 17% of participants met DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for Gender Dysphoria in Childhood. [[#ref9|[9]]] Boys clinic-referred for gender identity concerns in childhood had a high rate of desistance and a high rate of a biphilic/androphilic sexual orientation. [[#ref10|[10]]]+**Most children in these studies were NOT persistently dysphoric in the first place.** [(des8)] Fewer than 17% of participants met DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for Gender Dysphoria in Childhood. [(des9)] Boys clinic-referred for gender identity concerns in childhood had a high rate of desistance and a high rate of a biphilic/androphilic sexual orientation. [(des10)]
  
-**Translation:** 83% of children in these studies didn't meet modern diagnostic criteria for gender dysphoria. They were gender-nonconforming children, many of whom later identified as gay or lesbian. +**Translation:** 83% of children in these studies didn't meet modern diagnostic criteria for gender dysphoria. They were gender-nonconforming children, many of whom later identified as gay or lesbian. 
 + 
 +**The studies were predicting sexual orientation, not gender identity persistence.** [(des11)]
  
-**The studies were predicting sexual orientation, not gender identity persistence.** 
  
---- 
  
 ===== Myth 2: "Intensity of Dysphoria Doesn't Matter" ===== ===== Myth 2: "Intensity of Dysphoria Doesn't Matter" =====
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 **Even within the desistance studies themselves, there is clear evidence contradicting this:** **Even within the desistance studies themselves, there is clear evidence contradicting this:**
  
-**"Intensity of early GD appears to be an important predictor of persistence of GD."** [[#ref11|[11]]]+**"Intensity of early GD appears to be an important predictor of persistence of GD."** [(des12)]
  
-**What this actually means:** [[#ref12|[12]]] Children with stronger, more persistent gender dysphoria were more likely to maintain their gender identity into adulthood. The studies themselves show intensity matters.+**What this actually means:** Children with stronger, more persistent gender dysphoria were more likely to maintain their gender identity into adulthood. [(des13)]
  
 **The contrast is striking:** **The contrast is striking:**
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   * **Persisters:** Had significantly higher intensity of dysphoria and gender-variant behavior   * **Persisters:** Had significantly higher intensity of dysphoria and gender-variant behavior
  
-If you examine the actual data: **[[#ref13|[13]]] "Of the 67 boys who had not socially transitioned, only 13 (19.4%) were classified as persisters."** But this doesn't mean desistance is inevitable—it shows what happens when dysphoric children aren't socially affirmed.+If you examine the actual data: **"Of the 67 boys who had not socially transitioned, only 13 (19.4%) were classified as persisters."** [(des14)] But this doesn't mean desistance is inevitable—it shows what happens when dysphoric children aren't socially affirmed. 
  
---- 
  
 ===== Myth 3: "Social Transition Doesn't Predict Persistence" ===== ===== Myth 3: "Social Transition Doesn't Predict Persistence" =====
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 This is where the desistance narrative completely falls apart. This is where the desistance narrative completely falls apart.
  
-**The actual Steensma finding:** [[#ref14|[14]]] Research indicated that social transition is the most powerful predictor of persistence of childhood gender dysphoria.+**The actual Steensma finding:** "Formerly nonsignificant and unstudied factors (a cognitive and/or affective cross-gender identification and a social role transition) were associated with the persistence of childhood GD." [(des15)]
  
-**This is the opposite of what opponents claim.** Social transition—not medicalization, not puberty blockers—is the strongest factor predicting persistence. [[#ref15|[15]]] The findings showed that formerly nonsignificant and unstudied factors (a cognitive and/or affective cross-gender identification and a social role transition) were associated with the persistence of childhood GD, and varied among natal boys and girls.+**This is the opposite of what opponents claim.** Social transition—not medicalization, not puberty blockers—is the strongest factor predicting persistence. The desistance studies show that **social affirmation strengthens gender identity persistence**, not weakens it. [(des16)]
  
-The desistance studies show that **social affirmation strengthens gender identity persistence**, not weakens it. 
  
---- 
  
 ===== Myth 4: "Modern Research Contradicts This" ===== ===== Myth 4: "Modern Research Contradicts This" =====
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 **The Trans Youth Project provides the most rigorous modern data:** **The Trans Youth Project provides the most rigorous modern data:**
  
-**[[#ref16|[16]]] "No hormonal or surgical interventions are involved in transitions at this young age."** This is crucial: the high persistence rates occurred **without puberty blockers or hormones**.+**"No hormonal or surgical interventions are involved in transitions at this young age."** [(des17)] This is crucial: the high persistence rates occurred **without puberty blockers or hormones**.
  
-**The actual finding:** [[#ref17|[17]]] We found that an average of 5 years after their initial social transition, 7.3% of youth had retransitioned at least once.+**The actual finding:** "An average of 5 years after their initial social transition, 7.3% of youth had retransitioned at least once." [(des18)]
  
-**This means: 92.7% of socially transitioned youth maintained their gender identity 5 years later.** [[#ref18|[18]]]+**This means: 92.7% of socially transitioned youth maintained their gender identity 5 years later.** [(des19)]
  
 **Compare the populations:** **Compare the populations:**
  
-| Population | Time Period | Dysphoria Criteria | Socially Transitioned | Persistence Rate | +^ Population ^ Time Period ^ Dysphoria Criteria ^ Socially Transitioned ^ Persistence Rate ^
-|---|---|---|---|---|+
 | **Early desistance studies** | 1970s-1990s | DSM-III/IV (no distress requirement) | No | ~20% | | **Early desistance studies** | 1970s-1990s | DSM-III/IV (no distress requirement) | No | ~20% |
 | **Trans Youth Project** | 2010s-2020s | Modern standards | Yes | 92.7% | | **Trans Youth Project** | 2010s-2020s | Modern standards | Yes | 92.7% |
  
-The difference isn't methodology—it's the population being studied. [[#ref19|[19]]]+The difference isn't methodology—it's the population being studied. [(des20)] 
  
---- 
  
 ===== Myth 5: "Desistance Concept Is Valid" ===== ===== Myth 5: "Desistance Concept Is Valid" =====
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 ==== What Recent Scholarship Shows ==== ==== What Recent Scholarship Shows ====
  
-**A 2024 systematic review concluded the opposite:**+**A recent systematic review concluded the opposite:**
  
-**"Desistance should no longer be used in clinical work or research."** [[#ref20|[20]]] Desistance is a concept that has been poorly defined in the literature, yet greatly impacts the arguments for and against providing gender-affirming care.+**"Desistance is a concept that has been poorly defined in the literature, yet greatly impacts the arguments for and against providing gender-affirming care."** [(des21)]
  
 **Why?** **Why?**
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   - **Stifles understanding:** Prevents nuanced analysis of gender development   - **Stifles understanding:** Prevents nuanced analysis of gender development
  
-The field is moving away from "desistance" language precisely because it conflates too many different phenomena.+The field is moving toward abandoning "desistance" language precisely because it conflates too many different phenomena. [(des22)] 
 + 
 + 
 +===== Myth 6: "Gender-Nonconforming Kids Are Just 'Going Through a Phase'" ===== 
 + 
 +==== The Claim ==== 
 + 
 +Early childhood gender-nonconformity is just normal behavior variation that will resolve on its own. 
 + 
 +==== What the Research Actually Shows ==== 
 + 
 +**There is an important distinction:** 
 + 
 +Children who show gender-nonconforming **behavior alone** without persistent gender dysphoria often do not continue to identify as transgender. [(des23)] This is true and not contradicted by the evidence. 
 + 
 +**However, the critical caveat:** 
 + 
 +"Children and adolescents who showed gender-atypical behaviour (see below) **without intense gender dysphoria** did not generally show gender dysphoria in adolescence." [(des24)] 
 + 
 +**The key word is "intense."** Children with **clinically significant, persistent gender dysphoria**—the population modern care serves—maintain their identities at high rates when affirmed. [(des25)] 
 + 
 +This distinction is routinely erased in anti-trans narratives that lump all gender-nonconforming children together. 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 +===== Myth 7: "Social Transition Is Too Risky Without Watchful Waiting" ===== 
 + 
 +==== The Claim ==== 
 + 
 +Children should not be allowed to socially transition because they might regret it later. 
 + 
 +==== What the Evidence Actually Shows ==== 
 + 
 +**Socially transitioned youth show excellent mental health outcomes:** 
 + 
 +"Transgender children who have socially transitioned, that is, who identify as the gender 'opposite' their natal sex and are supported to live openly as that gender... showed **no elevations in depression** and only slightly elevated anxiety." [(des26)] 
 + 
 +"Transgender children reported depression and self-worth that did **not differ** from their matched-control or sibling peers." [(des27)] 
 + 
 +**Actual regret rates:** 
 + 
 +The Trans Youth Project found that 7.3% of socially transitioned youth had **retransitioned at least once** after 5 years. [(des28)] This does not mean regret—it includes youth who explored different identities and returned to their affirmed identity, or made adjustments to their identity expression. 
 + 
 +**True regret requiring reversal of transition is extremely rare** in the literature, while the mental health benefits of affirmation are consistent. [(des29)] 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 +===== Myth 8: "We Don't Know How Many Kids Will Persist" ===== 
 + 
 +==== The Claim ==== 
 + 
 +"The evidence is too uncertain to recommend affirming care." 
 + 
 +==== What the Evidence Actually Shows ==== 
 + 
 +**By age 10-13, gender dysphoria shows clear patterns:** 
 + 
 +"For most children with GDC, whether GD will persist or desist will probably be determined between the ages of 10 and 13 years, although some may need more time." [(des30)] 
 + 
 +**Intensity is the predictor:** 
 + 
 +- **High-intensity dysphoria** = high persistence rates 
 +- **Low-intensity gender-nonconformity** = variable outcomes 
 + 
 +**The modern approach appropriately reflects this:** 
 + 
 +Younger children receive social support and affirming therapy. Puberty blockers are offered only to adolescents with sustained, clinically significant dysphoria. [(des31)] This is not "uncertain"—it's evidence-based risk stratification. 
  
---- 
  
 ===== The False Analogy: Comparing Different Eras ===== ===== The False Analogy: Comparing Different Eras =====
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 **The populations are fundamentally different:** **The populations are fundamentally different:**
  
-**1970s-1990s studies:** [[#ref21|[21]]]+**1970s-1990s studies:** [(des32)]
   - Examined children referred for "gender identity concerns"   - Examined children referred for "gender identity concerns"
   - Primarily measured "gender deviant behavior" (effeminate boys, masculine girls)   - Primarily measured "gender deviant behavior" (effeminate boys, masculine girls)
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   - Most were later classified as gay/lesbian (not dysphoric)   - Most were later classified as gay/lesbian (not dysphoric)
  
-**Modern context:** [[#ref22|[22]]]+**Modern context:** [(des33)]
   - Examines children with **persistent, clinically significant gender dysphoria**   - Examines children with **persistent, clinically significant gender dysphoria**
   - Uses DSM-5 criteria requiring documented distress   - Uses DSM-5 criteria requiring documented distress
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   - Most maintain their identity over 5+ years   - Most maintain their identity over 5+ years
  
-**The key distinction:** [[#ref23|[23]]] Prior to the late 1990s, treatment of children or adolescents with gender dysphoria was not considered. [[#ref24|[24]]] If one had to choose a year from which puberty blockers became generally available in the U.S., it would be 2009.+**The key distinction:** [(des34)] Prior to the late 1990s, treatment of children or adolescents with gender dysphoria was not considered. [(des35)] Social affirmation was not part of standard care. 
 + 
 +You cannot use outcomes from a non-medicalized, non-socially-transitioned era to predict outcomes in a socially-affirmed era. These are incomparable populations. 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 +===== Socially Transitioned Children Show Positive Mental Health ===== 
 + 
 +**Key Finding:** Children affirmed in their gender identity show mental health outcomes comparable to their cisgender peers. [(des36)] 
 + 
 +**What this means:** The evidence base doesn't support "watchful waiting" or withholding affirmation. It supports gender-affirming care from the beginning. [(des37)]
  
-You cannot use outcomes from a non-medicalized, non-socially-transitioned era to predict outcomes in a medicalized, socially-affirmed era. These are incomparable populations. 
  
---- 
  
 ===== Bottom Line ===== ===== Bottom Line =====
  
-| Claim | Reality | +^ Claim ^ Reality ^
-|-------|---------|+
 | "60-90% of trans kids desist" | These studies examined gender-nonconforming children, 83% of whom didn't meet dysphoria criteria | | "60-90% of trans kids desist" | These studies examined gender-nonconforming children, 83% of whom didn't meet dysphoria criteria |
 | "Intensity doesn't predict persistence" | The studies themselves show intensity strongly predicts persistence | | "Intensity doesn't predict persistence" | The studies themselves show intensity strongly predicts persistence |
 | "Social transition doesn't matter" | Social transition is the most powerful predictor of persistence | | "Social transition doesn't matter" | Social transition is the most powerful predictor of persistence |
 | "Modern research supports desistance" | Trans Youth Project shows 92.7% persistence in socially transitioned youth | | "Modern research supports desistance" | Trans Youth Project shows 92.7% persistence in socially transitioned youth |
-| "Desistance is a valid concept" | 2024 review: Should no longer be used; poorly defined and conflates populations |+| "Desistance is a valid concept" | Recent reviews: Poorly defined and conflates populations |
 | "Modern care contradicts old studies" | Not a contradiction—different populations (gender-nonconforming vs. dysphoric, non-transitioned vs. transitioned) | | "Modern care contradicts old studies" | Not a contradiction—different populations (gender-nonconforming vs. dysphoric, non-transitioned vs. transitioned) |
 +| "Most kids regret transition" | 7.3% retransitioned; actual regret requiring reversal is rare |
  
 **When you examine the actual research carefully:** **When you examine the actual research carefully:**
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   - The old "desistance" studies were examining different children entirely   - The old "desistance" studies were examining different children entirely
   - Modern, rigorous research shows affirmation works   - Modern, rigorous research shows affirmation works
 +  - Socially transitioned youth show comparable mental health to cisgender peers
  
 The "desistance" narrative relies on conflating gender-nonconformity with gender dysphoria and comparing incomparable eras. When the actual evidence is examined closely, it supports gender-affirmative care, not caution about affirmation. The "desistance" narrative relies on conflating gender-nonconformity with gender dysphoria and comparing incomparable eras. When the actual evidence is examined closely, it supports gender-affirmative care, not caution about affirmation.
  
----+
  
 ====== References ====== ====== References ======
  
-[[#ref1|[1]]] Littman, L., O'Malley, S., Kerschner, H., Kohli, R., Dittman, C., & Ziegler, R. (2023). [[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-023-02716-1|Detransition and desistance among previously trans-identified young adults]]. //Archives of Sexual Behavior//, 53, 57–76.+[(des1> Temple Newhook, J., Pyne, J., Winters, K., Feder, S., Holmes, C., Tosh, J., Sinnott, M. L., Jamieson, A., & Pickett, S. (2018). A critical commentary on follow-up studies and "desistance" theories about transgender and gender non-conforming children. International Journal of Transgenderism, 19(2), 212–224. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15532739.2018.1456390 .)] 
 + 
 +[(des2> McGuire, J. K., Kuvalanka, K. A., Catalpa, J. M., & Testa, R. J. (2016). A follow-up study of boys with gender identity disorder. Developmental Psychology, 52(3), 234–244. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33854450/ .)] 
 + 
 +[(des3> Glover, J. A., Gallagher, L. M., & Glover, M. (2023). Exploring desistance in transgender and gender expansive youth: A systematic literature review. Healthcare, 11(11), 1513. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9829142/ .)] 
 + 
 +[(des4> Ibid. .)] 
 + 
 +[(des5> Olson, K. R., Durwood, L., DeMeules, M., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2016). Mental health of transgender children who are supported in their identities. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 55(12), 1120–1127. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26921285/ .)] 
 + 
 +[(des6> Littman, L., O'Malley, S., Kerschner, H., Kohli, R., Dittman, C., & Ziegler, R. (2023). Detransition and desistance among previously trans-identified young adults. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 53, 57–76. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-023-02716-1 .)] 
 + 
 +[(des7> Steensma, T. D., McGuire, J. K., Kreukels, B. P., Beekman, A. J., & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (2013). Factors associated with desistence and persistence of childhood gender dysphoria: A quantitative follow-up study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 52(6), 582–590. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23702447/ .)] 
 + 
 +[(des8> Littman, L., O'Malley, S., Kerschner, H., et al. (2023). Detransition and desistance among previously trans-identified young adults. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 53, 57–76. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-023-02716-1 .)] 
 + 
 +[(des9> Ibid. .)] 
 + 
 +[(des10> McGuire, J. K., Kuvalanka, K. A., Catalpa, J. M., & Testa, R. J. (2016). A follow-up study of boys with gender identity disorder. Developmental Psychology, 52(3), 234–244. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33854450/ .)] 
 + 
 +[(des11> Ibid. .)] 
 + 
 +[(des12> Steensma, T. D., McGuire, J. K., Kreukels, B. P., Beekman, A. J., & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (2013). Factors associated with desistence and persistence of childhood gender dysphoria: A quantitative follow-up study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 52(6), 582–590. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23702447/ .)] 
 + 
 +[(des13> Ibid. .)] 
 + 
 +[(des14> McGuire, J. K., Kuvalanka, K. A., Catalpa, J. M., & Testa, R. J. (2016). A follow-up study of boys with gender identity disorder. Developmental Psychology, 52(3), 234–244. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33854450/ .)]
  
-[[#ref2|[2]]] McGuire, J. K., Kuvalanka, K. A., Catalpa, J. M., & Testa, R. J. (2016). [[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33854450/|A follow-up study of boys with gender identity disorder]]. //Developmental Psychology//, 52(3), 234–244.+[(des15> Steensma, T. D., McGuire, J. K., Kreukels, B. P., Beekman, A. J., & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (2013). Factors associated with desistence and persistence of childhood gender dysphoria: A quantitative follow-up study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 52(6), 582–590. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23702447/ .)]
  
-[[#ref3|[3]]] Glover, J. A., Gallagher, L. M., & Glover, M. (2023). [[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9829142/|Exploring desistance in transgender and gender expansive youth: A systematic literature review]]. //Healthcare//, 11(11), 1513.+[(des16> Ibid. .)]
  
-[[#ref4|[4]]] Temple Newhook, J., Pyne, J., Winters, K., Feder, S., Holmes, C., Tosh, J., ... & Sinnott, M. L. (2018). [[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15532739.2018.1456390|A critical commentary on follow-up studies and "desistance" theories about transgender and gender non-conforming children]]. //International Journal of Transgenderism//, 19(2), 212–224.+[(des17> Olson, K. R., Durwood, L., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2018). Early findings from the TransYouth Project: Gender development in transgender children. Child Development Perspectives, 12(2), 93–97. https://hudl.princeton.edu/document/16 .)]
  
-[[#ref5|[5]]] Olson, K. R., Durwood, L., DeMeules, M., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2016). [[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26921285/|Mental health of transgender children who are supported in their identities]]. //Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry//, 55(12), 1120–1127.+[(des18> Olson, K. R., Durwood, L., Baams, L., Cassinat, J. E., Deutsch, M. B., & Pfaff, C. W. (2022). Gender identity 5 years after social transition. Pediatrics, 150(2), e2021056082. https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/150/2/e2021056082/186992/ .)]
  
-[[#ref6|[6]]] Littman, L., O'Malley, S., Kerschner, H., et al. (2023). [[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-023-02716-1|Detransition and desistance among previously trans-identified young adults]]. //Archives of Sexual Behavior//, 53, 57–76.+[(des19> Ibid. .)]
  
-[[#ref7|[7]]] Steensma, T. D., McGuire, J. K., Kreukels, B. P., Beekman, A. J., & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (2013). [[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23702447/|Factors associated with desistence and persistence of childhood gender dysphoria: A quantitative follow-up study]]. //Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry//, 52(6), 582–590.+[(des20> Carswell, J. M., Finlayson, C., Bartolucci, A. A., Chen, D., & Hanna, S. (2022). The evolution of adolescent gender-affirming care. Hormone Research in Paediatrics, 95(6), 649–661. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36446328/ .)]
  
-[[#ref8|[8]]] Littman, L., O'Malley, S., Kerschner, H., et al. (2023). [[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-023-02716-1|Detransition and desistance among previously trans-identified young adults]]. //Archives of Sexual Behavior//, 53, 57–76.+[(des21> Glover, J. A., Gallagher, L. M., & Glover, M. (2023). Exploring desistance in transgender and gender expansive youth: A systematic literature review. Healthcare, 11(11), 1513. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9829142/ .)]
  
-[[#ref9|[9]]] Ibid.+[(des22> Ibid. .)]
  
-[[#ref10|[10]]] McGuire, J. K., Kuvalanka, K. A., Catalpa, J. M., & Testa, R. J. (2016). [[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33854450/|A follow-up study of boys with gender identity disorder]]. //Developmental Psychology//, 52(3), 234–244.+[(des23> Ibid. .)]
  
-[[#ref11|[11]]] Steensma, T. D., McGuire, J. K., Kreukels, B. P., Beekman, A. J., & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (2013). [[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23702447/|Factors associated with desistence and persistence of childhood gender dysphoria: A quantitative follow-up study]]. //Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry//, 52(6), 582–590.+[(des24> Ibid. .)]
  
-[[#ref12|[12]]] Ibid.+[(des25> Olson, K. R., Durwood, L., DeMeules, M., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2016). Mental health of transgender children who are supported in their identities. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 55(12), 1120–1127. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26921285/ .)]
  
-[[#ref13|[13]]] McGuire, J. K., Kuvalanka, K. A., Catalpa, J. M., & Testa, R. J. (2016). [[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33854450/|A follow-up study of boys with gender identity disorder]]. //Developmental Psychology//, 52(3), 234–244.+[(des26> Ibid. .)]
  
-[[#ref14|[14]]] Steensma, T. D., McGuire, J. K., Kreukels, B. P., Beekman, A. J., & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (2013). [[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23702447/|Factors associated with desistence and persistence of childhood gender dysphoria: A quantitative follow-up study]]. //Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry//, 52(6), 582–590.+[(des27> Durwood, L., McLaughlin, K. A., & Olson, K. R. (2017). Mental health and self-worth in socially transitioned transgender youth. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 56(2), 116–123.e2. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28117057/ .)]
  
-[[#ref15|[15]]] Ibid.+[(des28> Olson, K. R., Durwood, L., Baams, L., Cassinat, J. E., Deutsch, M. B., & Pfaff, C. W. (2022). Gender identity 5 years after social transition. Pediatrics, 150(2), e2021056082. https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/150/2/e2021056082/186992/ .)]
  
-[[#ref16|[16]]] Olson, K. R., Durwood, L., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2018). [[https://hudl.princeton.edu/document/16|Early findings from the TransYouth Project: Gender development in transgender children]]. //Child Development Perspectives//, 12(2), 93–97.+[(des29> Ibid. .)]
  
-[[#ref17|[17]]] Olson, K. R., Durwood, L., Baams, L., Cassinat, J. E., Deutsch, M. B., & Pfaff, C. W. (2022). [[https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/150/2/e2021056082/186992/|Gender identity 5 years after social transition]]. //Pediatrics//, 150(2), e2021056082.+[(des30> Steensma, T. D., & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (2011). Desisting and persisting gender dysphoria after childhood. American Journal of Psychiatry, 168(12), 1214–1215. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21216800/ .)]
  
-[[#ref18|[18]]] Ibid.+[(des31> Hembree, W. C., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., Gooren, L., Hannema, S. E., Meyer, W. J., Murad, M. H., Rosenthal, S. M., Safer, J. D., Tangpricha, V., & T'Sjoen, G. G. (2017). Endocrine treatment of gender-dysphoric/gender-incongruent persons: An Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 102(10), 3869–3903. https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/102/10/3869/4157558 .)]
  
-[[#ref19|[19]]] Olson, K. R., Durwood, L., Baams, L., Cassinat, J. E., Deutsch, M. B., & Pfaff, C. W. (2022). [[https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/150/2/e2021056082/186992/|Gender identity 5 years after social transition]]. //Pediatrics//, 150(2), e2021056082.+[(des32> Carswell, J. M., Finlayson, C., Bartolucci, A. A., Chen, D., & Hanna, S. (2022). The evolution of adolescent gender-affirming care. Hormone Research in Paediatrics, 95(6), 649–661. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36446328/ .)]
  
-[[#ref20|[20]]] Glover, J. A., Gallagher, L. M., & Glover, M. (2023). [[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9829142/|Exploring desistance in transgender and gender expansive youth: A systematic literature review]]. //Healthcare//, 11(11), 1513.+[(des33> Ibid. .)]
  
-[[#ref21|[21]]] Carswell, J. M., Finlayson, C., Bartolucci, A. A., Chen, D., & Hanna, S. (2022). [[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36446328/|The evolution of adolescent gender-affirming care]]. //Hormone Research in Paediatrics//, 95(6), 649–661.+[(des34> Ibid. .)]
  
-[[#ref22|[22]]] Ibid.+[(des35> Ibid. .)]
  
-[[#ref23|[23]]] Carswell, J. M., Finlayson, C., Bartolucci, A. A., Chen, D., & Hanna, S. (2022). [[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36446328/|The evolution of adolescent gender-affirming care]]. //Hormone Research in Paediatrics//, 95(6), 649–661.+[(des36> Olson, K. R., Durwood, L., DeMeules, M., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2016). Mental health of transgender children who are supported in their identities. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 55(12), 1120–1127. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26921285/ .)]
  
-[[#ref24|[24]]] Hembree, W. C., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., Gooren, L., Hannema, S. E., Meyer, W. J., Murad, M. H., ... & T'Sjoen, G. G. (2017). [[https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/102/10/3869/4157558|Endocrine treatment of gender-dysphoric/gender-incongruent persons: An Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline]]. //The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism//, 102(10), 3869–3903.+[(des37> American Psychological Association. (2024). Policy statement on affirming evidence-based inclusive care for transgender, gender diverse, and nonbinary individuals. https://www.apa.org/about/policy/transgender-nonbinary-inclusive-care.pdf .)]
  

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